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A balloon is an inflatable flexible bag filled with a gas, such as helium, hydrogen, nitrous oxide, oxygen, or air. Modern balloons can be made from materials such as rubber, latex, polychloroprene, or a nylon fabric, while some early balloons were made of dried animal bladders.[citation needed] Some balloons are used for decorative purposes, while others are used for practical purposes such as meteorology, medical treatment, military defense, or transportation. A balloon's properties, including its low density and low cost, have led to a wide range of applications. The inventor of the rubber balloon, (the most common balloon) was Michael Faraday in 1824, via experiments with various gases.[1]
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Applications
Decoration or entertainment
Party balloons are mostly made of a natural latex tapped from rubber trees, and can be filled with air, helium, water, or any other suitable liquid or gas. The rubber's elasticity makes the volume adjustable.
Filling the balloon with air can be done with the mouth, a manual or electric inflator (such as a hand pump), or with a source of compressed gas.
When rubber or plastic balloons are filled with helium so that they float, they typically retain their buoyancy for only a day or so. The enclosed helium atoms escape through small pores in the latex which are larger than the helium atoms. Balloons filled with air usually hold their size and shape much longer, sometimes for up to a week.
Even a perfect rubber balloon eventually loses gas to the outside. The process by which a substance or solute migrates from a region of high concentration, through a barrier or membrane, to a region of lower concentration is called diffusion. The inside of balloons can be treated with a special gel (for instance, the polymer solution sold under the "Hi Float" brand) which coats the inside of the balloon to reduce the helium leakage, thus increasing float time to a week or longer.
Beginning in the late 1970s, some more expensive (and longer-lasting) foil balloons made of thin, unstretchable, less permeable metalized plastic films started being produced. These balloons have attractive shiny reflective surfaces and are often printed with color pictures and patterns for gifts and parties. The most important attribute of metalized nylon for balloons is its light weight, increasing buoyancy and its ability to keep the helium gas from escaping for several weeks. Foil balloons have been criticized for interfering with power lines.[2][3]
Professional balloon party decorators use electronic equipment to set the exact amount of helium to fill the balloon. For non-floating balloons air inflators are used. Professional quality balloons are used, which differ from most retail packet balloons by being larger in size and made from 100% biodegradable latex.
Balloon modeling and balloons in art
Balloon artists are entertainers who twist and tie inflated tubular balloons into sculptures (see balloon modelling). The balloons used for sculpture are made of extra-stretchy rubber so that they can be twisted and tied without bursting. Since the pressure required to inflate a balloon is inversely proportional to the diameter of the balloon[citation needed], these tiny tubular balloons are extremely hard to inflate initially. A pump is usually used to inflate these balloons.
Decorators may use helium balloons to create balloon sculptures. Usually the round shape of the balloon restricts these to simple arches or walls, but on occasion more ambitious "sculptures" have been attempted. It is also common to use balloons as tables decorations for celebratory events. Balloons can sometimes be modeled to form shapes of animals. Table decorations normally appear with three or five balloons on each bouquet. Ribbon is curled and added with a weight to keep the balloons from floating away.
Menno Baars is the first contemporary artist to balloons into art. Within five days the Dutch artist painted a large primitive female nude on the huge balloon screen (800 m2) in his typical violent colors and broad brush stroke. The balloon work of art was named "The independent Woman".
Balloon drops and releases
A decorative use for balloons is in balloon drops. In a balloon drop, a plastic bag or net filled with air-inflated balloons is suspended from a fixed height. Once released, the balloons fall onto their target area below. Balloon drops are commonly performed at New Year's Eve celebrations and at political rallies and conventions, but may also be performed at celebrations, including graduations and weddings.
For decades, people have also celebrated with balloon releases. This practice has been discouraged by the Balloon Industry, as it has posed problematic for the environment and cities. In recent years, legislation has been enacted to enforce consumers and retailers to tether helium-filled foil (BoPET) balloons with a balloon weight. This ensures that the helium-filled balloons do not float into the atmosphere, which is both potentially injurious to animals, the environment, and power lines.
At many events, the balloons may contain prizes, and party-goers can pop the balloons to retrieve the items inside.
Balloon publicity
Balloons are used for publicity at major events. Screen-printing processes can be used to print designs and company logos onto the balloons. In January 2008, the Jewish Community Relations Council of New York organized a display of 4,200 red balloons outside the United Nations building.[4]
Water balloons
Water balloons are thin, small rubber balloons filled with liquid, usually water, instead of a gas, and intended to be easily broken. They are usually used by children, who throw them at each other, trying to get each other wet, as a game, competition, or practical joke. By forcing water out the open end of a water balloon, it is possible to use it as a makeshift water gun.
Balloon rockets
Balloons are often deliberately released, creating so called balloon rocket or rocket balloon. Rocket balloons work because the elastic balloons contract on the air within them, and so when the mouth of the balloon is left open, the gas within the balloon shoots out, and, due to Newton's third law of motion, the balloon is propelled forward. This is the same way that a rocket works.[5]
Flying machines
Large balloons filled with hot air or buoyant gas (often hydrogen or helium) have been used as flying machines since the 18th century. The earliest flights were made with hot air balloons using air heated with a flame, or hydrogen; later, helium was used. Unlike an airship, a balloon travels with the wind.
Medicine
Angioplasty is a surgical procedure in which very small balloons are inserted into blocked or partially blocked blood vessels near the heart. Once in place, the balloon is inflated to clear or compress arterial plaque, and to stretch the walls of the vessel, thus preventing myocardial infarction. A small stent can be inserted at the angioplasty site to keep the vessel open after the balloon's removal.[6]
Balloon catheters are catheters that have balloons at their tip to keep them from slipping out. For example, the balloon of a Foley catheter is inflated when the catheter is inserted into the urinary bladder and secures its position.[7]
Safety and environmental concerns
There has been some environmental concern over metallized nylon balloons, as they do not biodegrade or shred as rubber balloons do. Release of these types of balloons into the atmosphere is considered harmful to the environment. This type of balloon can also conduct electricity on its surface and released foil balloons can become entangled in power lines and cause power outages.[8]
Released balloons can land anywhere, including on nature reserves or other areas where they pose a serious hazard to animals through ingestion or entanglement. Because of the harm to wildlife and the effect of litter on the environment, some jurisdictions even legislate to control mass balloon releases. Legislation proposed in Maryland, US, was named after Inky, a pygmy Sperm Whale who needed six operations after swallowing debris, the largest piece of which was a mylar balloon.[9][10] To date, there is no documentary evidence to suggest that the death of any sea mammal has been attributed to foil balloons as a sole cause.[11] In the United Kingdom, foil balloons sold at major theme parks and Zoos have balloon weights attached to help prevent accidental release into the environment.[12]
Anthony Andrady says that releases of latex balloons that descend into the sea pose a serious ingestion and/or entanglement hazard to marine animals because balloons exposed floating in seawater deteriorate much more slowly than those exposed in air.[13] Balloon manufacturers will often state that a latex balloon is perfectly safe to release into the environment as it is made from a natural substance and will biodegrade over time. However a latex balloon can take up to a year to degrade if it lands in the sea and during this time it is possible for a marine animal to ingest the balloon and die from slow starvation if its digestive system is blocked.
NABAS (National Association of Balloon Artists and Suppliers), a non-profitable organisation that represents the UK balloon industry sets out best practice guidelines to promote balloon safety.[14] NABAS is currently taking on board ISO 14001 to ensure that environmental standards are laid down for the whole UK balloon industry, and to heighten awareness of environmental issues related to balloons. As part of this programme, NABAS has begun discussions with TerraCycle to formulate a feasibility programme for upcycling foil balloons into other products.
Physics
Air Pressure
Once inflated with regular, atmospheric air, the air inside the balloon will have a greater air pressure than the original atmospheric air pressure.[15]
Air pressure, technically, is a measurement of the amount of collisions against a surface at any time. In the case of balloon, it's supposed to measure how many particles at any in any given time space collide with the wall of the balloon and bounce off. However, since this is near impossible to measure, air pressure seems to be easier described as density. The similarity comes from the idea that when there are more molecules in the same space, more of them will be heading towards a collision course with the wall.
The first concept of air pressure within a balloon that is necessary to know is that air pressures "try" to even out. With all the bouncing against the balloon wall (both interior and exterior) there will be a certain amount of expansion/contraction. As air pressure itself is a description of the total forces against an object, each of these forces, on the outside of the balloon, causes the balloon to contract a tiny bit, while the inside forces cause the balloon to expand. With this knowledge, one would immediately assume the a balloon with high air pressure inside would expand based on the high amount of internal forces, and vice versa.
This would make the inside and outside air pressures equal.
However, balloons have a certain elasticity to them that some needs to be taken into account. When you stretch a balloon, you are filling it with potential energy. When you let it go, the potential energy is turned into kinetic energy and the balloon snaps back into its original position (though perhaps a little stretched out).
When you fill up a balloon with air, the balloon is being stretched. While the balloon is constantly releasing kinetic energy in an attempt to contract, it is also being pushed back out by the constant bouncing of the internal air molecules.
Basically, the internal air has to exert force not only to counteract the external air to keep the air pressures "even," but it also has to counteract the natural contraction of the balloon. Therefore, it requires more air pressure (more force) than the air outside the balloon wall.[16]
Balloons may also be used to cheer someone up. A.A. Milne notes this when his character, Winnie the Pooh says "No one can be uncheered by a balloon."
See also
- Aerobot
- Balloon-carried light effect
- Foam balloon
- List of balloon uses
- Pig bladder
- Pneumatic bladder
- Radiosonde
- Rockoon
- Speech balloon
- Two-balloon experiment
- Balloon modelling
Notes
- ^ Swain, Heather (2010) These Toys: 101 Clever Creations Using Everyday Items Penguin, 2010
- ^ "Metallic balloons spark controversy". Los Angeles Times. April 8, 2008. Retrieved April 15, 2010.]
- ^ "New bill to ban certain balloons". ABC. April 8, 2008.Retrieved April 15, 2010.]
- ^ 4,200 balloons released in NY to protest Qassam fire, By Neta Sela, Ynet News, January 24, 2008.
- ^ Zimmerman Jones, Andrew. "Scientific Explanation: Why the Rocket Balloon Works". How to Create a Rocket Balloon. About:Physics. http://physics.about.com/od/classroomphysics/ss/balloonrocket_5.htm. Retrieved 2007-04-29.
- ^ Berger, Alan (2006-05-30). "Angioplasty". Medical Encyclopedia. MedlinePlus. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002953.htm. Retrieved 2007-04-28.
- ^ Bellis, Mary. "History of the Catheter - Balloon Catheter - Thomas Fogarty". About: Inventors. About. http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blcatheter.htm. Retrieved 2007-04-28.
- ^ Atineh Haroutunian 6/3/2008 (818) 548-3381. "Mylar Balloons Spark Power Outages". Glendalewaterandpower.com. http://www.glendalewaterandpower.com/news.aspx?item=40. Retrieved 2009-09-15.
- ^ "MARP Sponsors Inky Legislation". National Aquarium in Baltimore. Archived from the original on 2008-08-07. http://web.archive.org/web/20080807124645/http://www.aqua.org/oceanhealth_inkylegislation.html. Retrieved 2006-12-01.
- ^ "Legislation regulating the release of balloons". Clean Virginia Waterways. http://www.longwood.edu/cleanva/balloonlaws.htm. Retrieved 2006-12-01.
- ^ "FAQ: Are sea mammals at risk?". The Balloon Council. http://www.balloonhq.com/BalloonCouncil/faq.html#sea. Retrieved 2011-02-09.
- ^ "Environmental Policy Statement". Balloon Supply & Distribution Ltd.. http://www.balloonsupply.co.uk/index.php?_a=viewDoc&docId=22. Retrieved 2011-02-09.
- ^ Andrady, A.L. (2006-08-06). "Plastics and Their Impacts in the Marine Environment". Proceedings of the International Marine Debris Conference on Derelict Fishing Gear and the Ocean Environment. Hawaii: Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary. p. 140.
- ^ "NABAS: The Balloon Association". NABAS (National Association of Balloon Artists and Suppliers). http://www.nabas.co.uk/. Retrieved 2011-02-09.
- ^ Serway, Raymond, Chris Vuille, and Jerry Faughn. College Physics, Volume 10. Cengage Learning, 2008.
- ^ "Balloons." Reach Out Michigan. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Nov 2010. <http://www.reachoutmichigan.org/funexperiments/agesubject/lessons/newton/balloon.html>.
Further reading
"Reader's Digest: Stories Behind Everyday Things"; New York: Reader's Digest, 1980.
External links
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Balloons |
 | Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Balloon. |
- Stratospheric balloons, history and present Historical recopilation project on the use of stratospheric balloons in the scientific research, the military field and the aerospace activity
- National trade association for the UK balloon industry
- Balloon and Party Industry alliance for the UK and European Balloon and Party industry
- National trade association for the Australasian balloon industry
- Royal Engineers Museum[dead link] Royal Engineers and Aeronautics
- [1] Menno Baars hot air balloon
- Royal Engineers Museum[dead link] Early British Military Ballooning (1863)
- Invitations for Kids Party
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